This is the second part in the series I have begun to help answer what In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) is and how it works with my world-wide Blog audience. What you read here is what I also provide my patients with on a daily basis. I plan on going into some detail but in a way that is understandable to the normal (lay) audience, and not the medical or scientific one. I hope that this will not only clarify what you will go through, but explain why things are done a certain way and what the goals of each step are. I also want to convey that IVF is actually a replacement for some of the “natural” steps required to get pregnant and not some miraculous high tech fertility treatment that gets patients pregnant artificially, as many think it is. It is somewhat of a miracle that we can do as much as we can, but there are still lots of things/steps that we cannot do or influence. I hope this discussion will benefit you. This series will be posted over the next few weeks in installments.
STEP ONE: STIMULATION
As explained in the natural process, the first step in your body is for the hypothalamus and pituitary to send a hormone to the ovary to stimulate the growth of a follicle and maturation of the egg within.
The hypothalamus sends a hormone called GnRH or gonadotropin releasing hormone to the pituitary. This in turn, causes the pituitary to give off follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and a little luteinizing hormone (LH). For now, I won’t go into detail regarding LH since it is not as important in this stage of the process. The FSH, or follicle stimulating hormone, stimulates the growth of a follicle, hence the name. The ovaries already have all the follicles they are going to have from birth. These follicles are in a dormant state until they are stimulated. In a natural cycle, several follicles are stimulated but only one is designated to grow to ovulation. The FSH goes through the blood stream and makes its way to the ovary. The ovary then picks up this hormone from the blood. It then processes the hormone and a follicle grows causing the production of estradiol and progesterone, and maturing the egg within. The egg is normally in an immature state in the dormant follicle.
In the IVF process, we take over the function of the hypothalamus and pituitary. In fact, we shut down the natural process so that we can control how the process goes and to help with timing. Timing is critical in IVF, as it is in the natural process. Many programs use birth control pills to shut down the ovaries and thereby shut down the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Some clinics use leuprolide acetate or Lupron, Synarel or a similar drug, to shut down this axis. These drugs are known as GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) agonists which is essentially adding GnRH but the brain monitors the levels of this hormone and if it reaches a certain threshold, shuts down production in the hypothalamus. Using Lupron from the luteal phase of the previous cycle is known as the “long protocol”. Some programs will go into IVF directly from an natural menstrual cycles and this is sometimes called “Natural cycle” IVF.
As I was explaining, in the IVF process we take over this step by giving FSH and LH hormone directly. These are known as injectable fertility drugs, but in actuality are not “fertility” drugs but merely the hormones your body would naturally produce to induce follicle growth in the ovary but at a higher dosage. So in reality, these drugs don’t increase your fertility or make you more fertile, they actually just give you more of an opportunity to become pregnant. Some of the medication used in IVF, such as Gonal-f or Follistim are now recombitant, or genetically produced FSH (in the old days, all FSH used to be natural FSH that was extracted from elderly women’s urine). These medications are pure FSH and have no LH within. There are other medications such as Pergonal, Menopur, Repronex that contain both FSH and LH. These are still derived from urine. Some clinics will use only FSH but most will use a “mixed” protocol, meaning they use both an FSH only drug in combination with an FSH/LH drug taken together.
The amount of medication given is what determines how many follicles your ovaries grow, and is dependent on how aggressive your doctor wants to be, i.e. how many follicles they want to try to get, and how well he/she thinks your ovaries are functioning or going to respond to the stimulation. We call the latter “ovarian reserve”. A younger patient will usually, but not always, have a very good ovarian reserve and therefore require less medication, whereas as a woman ages, her ovaries become more resistant or less likely to pick up the FSH from the blood, i.e. decreased ovarian reserve. Logically you can see that if the ovaries are more responsive, less medication is required and vice versa. The best way to picture this, as I explain to my patients, is to imagine a golf “wuffle” ball. If you don’t know golf, this is a practice ball with lots of holes in it so that it doesn’t fly far. Imagine that all the holes are open and you put the ball in a bowl of fluid (which is the FSH). The wuffle ball readily admits the fluid into its center. Now imagine that you block off most of the holes in the ball. You can see that less fluid gets into the ball (you also have to imagine that you have a time limit as to how long the ball gets to sit in the bowl of fluid). That is ovarian resistance. No matter how much drug you give, the ovary will only pick up as much FSH as it can and thereby only stimulate as well as it is going to stimulate. There is no technology that can change this. That leads to a lower ovarian response to the stimulation, and less follicles and eggs to work with. It is called “ovarian resistance” once stimulation has been attempted and only a few follicles grow. That is different from “ovarian reserve” which is the anticipated ovarian response or ovarian response potential before stimulation. “Ovarian resistance” is what you see once the stimulation is done and the ovary does not stimulate well.
The stimulation step is important because part of the success of IVF is an enhanced statistical chance by having lots of eggs to work with. Take for instance, if you have one dice and you want the number five. You have a 1 in 6 chance with each roll of the dice. Of course, your chances increase with rolling the dice more times, which is a different statistical chance and the statistic that changes as you attempt IVF repetitively. But taking just one roll into consideration, as in one IVF cycle, your chance is 1 in 6. Now, if you add three, four or five dices to that one roll, you can see that you have increased your chances 3, 4 or 5 fold. That is the same with each IVF cycle. In a natural cycle, you give off only one egg, so if that egg doesn’t go through each step perfectly, you don’t get pregnant. IVF increases your chances of pregnancy by accomplishing more of the steps of the process for you, but more importantly, you still need to have a perfect egg that forms a perfect embryo. If you only have one egg, the chances of having a perfect egg are significantly decreased. It increases by having more eggs to work with. That is how IVF increases your chances of pregnancy statistically. So the goal of stimulation is to try to maximize the number of eggs that you have available in order to increase your chances of getting/finding the perfect egg/embryo.
Now there is a caveat to this. You don’t necessarily want too many eggs because over stimulation can not only cause a major illness, but the egg quality may suffer. This is where the “art” of IVF lies. It is up to the doctor to try to make an educated guess as to how much stimulation would be ideal for each patient. Under-stimulate and you decrease the chances. Over-stimulate and you also decrease the chances, as well as, risk making the patient sick. Doctors get better at making this decision through experience. And this is part of what makes each doctor and each clinic different.
We will continue this discussion soon with the next installment, "Step Two: Follicle Growth and Egg Maturation". Thank you for joining me today!
Edward J. Ramirez, M.D. F.A.C.O.G.
Medical Director, Monterey Bay IVF
Monterey, CA
http://www.montereybayivf.com/
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